What are common extra-pulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis?

The presence of extra-pulmonary manifestations in tuberculosis (TB) is an important aspect of understanding the disease's systemic nature. While pulmonary symptoms are often the focus of TB diagnosis and treatment, extrapulmonary TB can affect various organ systems, leading to a wide range of symptoms.

Skin rash can occur in some individuals with TB, as cutaneous manifestations may arise from disseminated disease or result from immune-mediated responses to the infection. Joint pain is another common manifestation, often seen in cases of TB that affect the musculoskeletal system, particularly in conditions such as spinal TB or septic arthritis. Additionally, kidney involvement can occur; renal TB is a recognized complication where the infection spreads to the kidneys, which can lead to significant renal impairment and systemic symptoms.

Given that all these manifestations—skin, joints, and kidneys—are valid extra-pulmonary features of tuberculosis, the option reflecting all of them acknowledges the comprehensive nature of TB disease presentation beyond the lungs. Understanding these manifestations is crucial for early recognition and management of TB, as they can significantly impact the patient's overall health and treatment course.